Calculate total breeding expenses, cost per puppy, and establish ethical, sustainable adoption pricing for your kennel.
Genetic DNA panels, OFA/BVA hips/elbows/eyes, brucellosis tests, pre-breeding exam.
Ultrasound, gestation X-ray, prenatal vitamins, whelping supplies, emergency C-section reserve fund.
Puppy milk replacer, weaning food, vaccinations, deworming, microchips, registry papers.
Ethical breeding requires factoring in veterinary emergencies like unplanned emergency C-sections ($2,000–$4,000+) and health guarantees into per-puppy reserves.